HF-20180820

layout: specification
title: OP_CHECKDATASIG and OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY Specification
category: spec
date: 2018-08-20
activation: 1542300000
version: 0.6

Summary

OP_CHECKDATASIG and OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY check whether a signature is valid with respect to a message and a public key.

OP_CHECKDATASIG permits data to be imported into a script, and have its validity checked against some signing authority such as an “Oracle”.

OP_CHECKDATASIG and OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY are designed to be implemented similarly to OP_CHECKSIG [1][1]. Conceptually, one could imagine OP_CHECKSIG functionality being replaced by OP_CHECKDATASIG, along with a separate Op Code to create a hash from the transaction based on the SigHash algorithm.

OP_CHECKDATASIG Specification

Semantics

OP_CHECKDATASIG fails immediately if the stack is not well formed. To be well formed, the stack must contain at least three elements [<sig>, <msg>, <pubKey>] in this order where <pubKey> is the top element and

• <pubKey> must be a validly encoded public key
• <msg> can be any string
• <sig> must follow the strict DER encoding as described in [2][2] and the S-value of <sig> must be at most the curve order divided by 2 as described in [3][3]

If the stack is well formed, then OP_CHECKDATASIG pops the top three elements [<sig>, <msg>, <pubKey>] from the stack and pushes true onto the stack if <sig> is valid with respect to the raw single-SHA256 hash of <msg> and <pubKey> using the secp256k1 elliptic curve. Otherwise, it pops three elements and pushes false onto the stack in the case that <sig> is the empty string and fails in all other cases.

Nullfail is enforced the same as for OP_CHECKSIG [3][3]. If the signature does not match the supplied public key and message hash, and the signature is not an empty byte array, the entire script fails.

Opcode Number

OP_CHECKDATASIG uses the previously unused opcode number 186 (0xba in hex encoding)

SigOps

Signature operations accounting for OP_CHECKDATASIG shall be calculated the same as OP_CHECKSIG. This means that each OP_CHECKDATASIG shall be counted as one (1) SigOp.

Activation

Use of OP_CHECKDATASIG, unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch, will make the transaction invalid if it is included in a block where the median timestamp of the prior 11 blocks is less than 1542300000.

Unit Tests

• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if 15 November 2018 protocol upgrade is not yet activated.
• <sig> <msg> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if there are fewer than 3 items on stack.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if <pubKey> is not a validly encoded public key.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if <sig> is not a validly encoded signature with strict DER encoding.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if signature <sig> is not empty and does not pass the Low S check.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG fails if signature <sig> is not empty and does not pass signature validation of <msg> and <pubKey>.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG pops three elements and pushes false onto the stack if <sig> is an empty byte array.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIG pops three elements and pushes true onto the stack if <sig> is a valid signature of <msg> with respect to <pubKey>.

OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY Specification

Semantics

OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY is equivalent to OP_CHECKDATASIG followed by OP_VERIFY. It leaves nothing on the stack, and will cause the script to fail immediately if the signature check does not pass.

Opcode Number

OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY uses the previously unused opcode number 187 (0xbb in hex encoding)

SigOps

Signature operations accounting for OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY shall be calculated the same as OP_CHECKSIGVERIFY. This means that each OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY shall be counted as one (1) SigOp.

Activation

Use of OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY, unless occuring in an unexecuted OP_IF branch, will make the transaction invalid if it is included in a block where the median timestamp of the prior 11 blocks is less than 1542300000.

Unit Tests

• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY fails if 15 November 2018 protocol upgrade is not yet activated.
• <sig> <msg> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY fails if there are fewer than 3 item on stack.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFYfails if <pubKey> is not a validly encoded public key.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY fails if <sig> is not a validly encoded signature with strict DER encoding.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY fails if signature <sig> is not empty and does not pass the Low S check.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY fails if <sig> is not a valid signature of <msg> with respect to <pubKey>.
• <sig> <msg> <pubKey> OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY pops the top three stack elements if <sig> is a valid signature of <msg> with respect to <pubKey>.

Sample Implementation [4][4], [5][5]

case OP_CHECKDATASIG:
case OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY: {
    // Make sure this remains an error before activation.
    if ((flags & SCRIPT_ENABLE_CHECKDATASIG) == 0) {
        return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_BAD_OPCODE);
    }
    // (sig message pubkey -- bool)
    if (stack.size() < 3) {
        return set_error(
            serror, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION);
    }
    valtype &vchSig = stacktop(-3);
    valtype &vchMessage = stacktop(-2);
    valtype &vchPubKey = stacktop(-1);
    if (!CheckDataSignatureEncoding(vchSig, flags,
                                    serror) ||
        !CheckPubKeyEncoding(vchPubKey, flags, serror)) {
        // serror is set
        return false;
    }
    bool fSuccess = false;
    if (vchSig.size()) {
        valtype vchHash(32);
        CSHA256()
            .Write(vchMessage.data(), vchMessage.size())
            .Finalize(vchHash.data());
        uint256 message(vchHash);
        CPubKey pubkey(vchPubKey);
        fSuccess = pubkey.Verify(message, vchSig);
    }
    if (!fSuccess && (flags & SCRIPT_VERIFY_NULLFAIL) &&
        vchSig.size()) {
        return set_error(serror, SCRIPT_ERR_SIG_NULLFAIL);
    }
    popstack(stack);
    popstack(stack);
    popstack(stack);
    stack.push_back(fSuccess ? vchTrue : vchFalse);
    if (opcode == OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY) {
        if (fSuccess) {
            popstack(stack);
        } else {
            return set_error(serror,
                                SCRIPT_ERR_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY);
        }
    }
} break;

Sample Usage

The following example shows a spend and redeem script for a basic use of CHECKDATASIG. This example validates the signature of some data, provides a placeholder where you would then process that data, and finally allows one of 2 signatures to spend based on the outcome of the data processing.

spend script

push txsignature
push txpubkey
push msg
push sig

redeem script

                                (txsig, txpubkey msg, sig)
OP_OVER                         (txsig, txpubkey, msg, sig, msg)
push data pubkey                (txsig, txpubkey, msg, sig, msg, pubkey)
OP_CHECKDATASIGVERIFY           (txsig, txpubkey, msg)

Now that msg is on the stack top, the script can write predicates on it, resulting in the message being consumed and a true/false condition left on the stack: (txpubkey, txsig, boolean)

OP_IF                           (txsig, txpubkey)
  OP_DUP                        (txsig, txpubkey, txpubkey)
  OP_HASH160                    (txsig, txpubkey, address)
  push <p2pkh spend address>    (txsig, txpubkey, address, p2pkh spend address)
  OP_EQUALVERIFY                (txsig, txpubkey)
  OP_CHECKSIG
OP_ELSE
  (same as if clause but a different <p2pkh spend address>)
OP_ENDIF

History

This specification is based on Andrew Stone’s OP_DATASIGVERIFY proposal [6][6], [7][7]. It is modified from Stone’s original proposal based on a synthesis of all the peer-review and feedback received [8][8].

References

[1] OP_CHECKSIG

[2] Strict DER Encoding

[3] Low-S and Nullfail Specification

[4] Bitcoin ABC implementation

[5] Bitcoin ABC implementation update

[6] Andrew Stone’s OP_DATASIGVERIFY

[7] Andrew Stone’s article on Scripting

[8] Peer Review of Andrew Stone’s Proposal